Investment Climate

The Investment Climate team provides evidence-based support to help countries foster an “investment-grade” business environment, maximize the benefits of private investment, and secure a share in global value chains.
Context
New global shocks could threaten investment in unprecedented ways with repercussions for economic growth and development. Global foreign direct investment flows plummeted by 40% immediately following the COVID-19 shock, yet the recovery has been much slower for developing countries. The pulse survey of multinational corporations (MNCs) conducted during April-June 2022 reveals that nearly 30% of investors plan to reduce their investments in the host developing country in the coming year. Slow recovery and declines in North-South flows of greenfield FDI foreshadow weaker investor confidence and shifting global production patterns. In the post-pandemic world, several new challenges to investment are emerging, such as
- The pandemic, combined with conflicts around the world are signaling the onset of an unprecedented global recession.
- The changing world environment with political polarities
- Trade and GVCs, which were often the drivers for FDI, are reshaping and adjusting to new political and economic realities.
The current global economic landscape demands the development of coordinated, non-fiscally taxing solutions to strengthen countries’ investment climate and develop resilient for future shocks. For the past three decades, the private sector has been at the forefront of leading economic transformation around the world. Integration with global markets and enhanced investment competitiveness has contributed to the unprecedented growth of many economies.
Given the current context, governments are turning to the World Bank for advice on policies to enable and link foreign and domestic private sector with the dynamism generated by cross-border trade and investment patterns, and support resilience and recovery of their economies in a resilient and inclusive way.
The Global Investment climate supports client countries in creating an enabling business environment for all firms, attracting new sources of investment and maximizing spillovers from foreign direct investment, thereby contributing to healthy firm dynamics, economic transformation and job creation.
Strategy
By leveraging a comprehensive approach that addresses the legal, regulatory, administrative and institutional barriers affecting all phases of the business and investment lifecycle, the World Bank helps countries establish a competitive investment climate that is favorable for stimulating investment for business-led growth. Capable of mobilizing a wide range of World Bank Group instruments—including advisory services and analytics (ASAs) and diverse lending products (DPFs, P4Rs and IPFs)—to help developing countries, our experts on business environment and investment policy and promotion deliver integrated IC solutions founded on three pillars:
- Driving Evidence-Based Reform: Global analytics and benchmarks such as the World Economic Forum Global Competitiveness Index, Doing Business, WBG enterprise surveys, the Global Regulatory Risk Database, or Women Business and the Law have put business environment and investment policy reforms at the forefront of policy-makers’ agendas and created strong demand for support in this area. Identifying sources of entry barriers, market distortions, assessing binding constraints to firms, and quantifying potential impact of policy reforms have been enabled through the development of the latest generation of investment climate diagnostic tools. Underpinning all investment climate interventions are a well-developed set of diagnostic and analytical instruments, applied research, and strong knowledge of good practices and reform experiences. This knowledge set allows our teams to mobilize expertise on a wide range of policy and regulatory issues, and create integrated, multi-instrument solutions that are tailored to the needs and demands of clients.
- Fostering Business Competitiveness: Unlocking private sector-led growth is contingent on a country’s ability to establish a regulatory and institutional framework that enables productive local and foreign firms to invest, form and grow, both domestically and internationally, and non-viable firms to exit so resources are allocated efficiently within and across sectors. Government policies and regulations play a decisive role in stimulating business activity and enhancing market contestability. With this aim, IC solutions are designed to improve the regulatory environment for foreign and domestic firms along all phases of the investment and business lifecycle. By supporting the implementation of transparent, inclusive, predictable and efficient policies and regulatory practices, the Investment Climate team helps governments unlock potential for developing the private sector, and incentivize firms to invest, compete and grow, which in turn creates productive jobs.
- Expanding Investment Opportunities: Attracting FDI helps to link a country’s economy to global value chains and facilitates economic upgrading. FDI brings investment, jobs, increased exports, supply chain spillovers, new technologies and business practices to countries. While the benefits of FDI are well recognized, they do not flow without a conducive policy, legal and institutional environment. In a global landscape deeply impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic yet still subject to rapid technological change and political uncertainly, countries must refine their value propositions as investment locations. In addition, to fully capture the benefits of FDI, a country requires clear and effective implementation of investment strategies and policies. By leveraging a comprehensive approach that addresses the legal, regulatory, procedural and institutional barriers affecting all phases of the investment life cycle, the Investment Climate team helps countries establish a competitive investment climate that is favorable for attracting, retaining, and expanding sustainable FDI.
Given that the successful design and implementation of investment climate reforms requires the coordinated effort of many different line ministries and agencies, our teams support governments to design investment climate reform programs in the context of a broader competitiveness agenda; determine priority areas for reform in the short, medium and long terms; set clear targets with measurable results; and strengthen the institutional capacity of public-private dialogue mechanisms and inter-ministerial reform committees.
Results
- In Bangladesh, the government introduced a broad simplification program including cost reductions for connecting to the electricity grid and a one-stop shop (OSS) for investors. The reforms resulted in over $721 million cost savings for businesses and citizens. Over 1,200 firms have benefited from the OSS to date.
- In Ecuador, the team supported the introduction of a new simplified stock corporation, a more flexible legal form tailored to small- and medium-sized companies. Within two months, over 500 firms were created under the new type, 30% of all companies incorporated during that time period.
- Ethiopia opened six new sectors for FDI. Within two years of the reform $96m in FDI was directly generated. Ethiopia’s Investment Commission also established a mechanism to address investor grievances prior to their escalation to international disputes. This has led to USD 5.4 million FDI retained to date.
- In Guinea, an online supplier marketplace platform was established to address the low levels of local supplier participation in the mining sector. 883 domestic companies (111 women-owned) registered on the platform. 77% of requests for proposal posted have been awarded to SMEs registered on the platform.
- In Iraq, the establishment of an investor grievance mechanism within the Basra Investment Commission led to USD 220 million in FDI previously at risk of divestment being retained.
- The removal of entry restrictions in Myanmar, through a new negative list opening 70 sectors to full foreign ownership and the reduction of FDI screening through a unified investment law, led to a six-fold increase in approved FDI projects between FY13 and FY16, from USD 1.4 billion to USD 9.5 billion.
- In Saudi Arabia, the team worked with the Ministry of Commerce and Investment to lift legal barriers to women’s economic participation and pass a historic reform package which introduced freedom of travel and legal equality in employment and pensions, as well as removed the obedience provision and allowed women to be head of household among others. Over 5 million women over 21 years old are benefiting from the reforms and the number of women-owned businesses increased by 50%.
- The first phase of a supplier development program in Vietnam has led to 70% increased capacity of SMEs through application of new standards and management tools, a 50% increase in profit and turnover, 42% established new connections with MNE buyers of which 9% became formal suppliers to MNEs.
- The Western Balkans Investment Policy and Promotion Project provided support to the 6 economies of the Western Balkans - Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia - with harmonizing their investment policies and implementing a regional investment promotion initiative. The project resulted in 10 legislative and institutional investment climate enhancing reforms, including the adoption of regionally aligned standards for international investment agreements, and the generation of over $130 million in FDI for the region, creating more than 3,000 jobs, including 2,000 for women.
- Changing Foreign Direct Investment Dynamics and Policy Responses (December, 2023)
- Training microentrepreneurs over Zoom: Experimental evidence from Mexico (December, 2023)
- Firms and Climate Change in Low- and Middle-Income Countries (December, 2023)
- Divestment Drivers and FDI Retention (September, 2023)
- Tajikistan Economic Update (June, 2023)
- Risk Based Approaches to Environmental Licensing (May 2023)
- The Effect of Multinational Enterprises on Climate Change: Supply Chain Emissions, Green Technology Transfers, and Corporate Commitments (May, 2023)
- Mexico Entrepreneurship Ecosystem Diagnostic (April, 2023)
- Enabling Foreign Direct Investment in the Renewable Energy Sector : Reducing Regulatory Risks and Preventing Investor-State Conflicts (April, 2023)
- Planning for Success : Strategies of Investment Promotion Agencies Technical Note (February, 2023)
- What Makes an Investment Promotion Agency Effective? Findings from a Structural Gravity Model (January, 2023)
- Potential Economic Impacts of Liberalizing Foreign Investment Restrictions in Jordan’s Services Sector (October, 2022)
- Investment Promotion Agency Advocacy for Investment Climate Reform: Good Practice Principles and Case Studies (October, 2022)
- The Role of Subnational Investment Promotion Agencies (October 2, 2022)
- High-Level Structures Supporting the Institutional Framework for Foreign Direct Investment Promotion (October, 2022)
- Investment Policy and Promotion Operational Guide (October 2, 2022)
- Business Regulation Operational Guide: (August 30, 2022)
- Contagion and Information Frictions (August, 2022)
- Improving Productivity Measurement in World Bank Group Interventions (June, 2022)
- Approaches to Integrated Inspections Reforms (March, 2022)
- Does FDI catalyze local structural transformation and school enrollment? (March, 2022)
- Place, Productivity, and Prosperity : Revisiting Spatially Targeted Policies for Regional Development (January, 2022)
- World Bank Investor Confidence Survey : Evidence from the Quarterly Global Multinational Enterprises Pulse Survey for the Second Quarter of 2021 (October, 2021)
- Reforming at the Subnational Level : Global Experiences (October, 2021)
- Women’s Economic Participation and the Impact of Regulatory Barriers (October, 2021)
- Reforming Business Registration in Greece : A Case Study (September, 2021)
- Foreign Investor Pulse Survey (Issue 5) (June 2021)
- FDI Watch (Issue 3) (July 2021)
- Lessons in Investment Promotion : The Case of Invest India (July, 2021)
- An Investment Perspective on Global Value Chains (May 2021)
- FDI Watch: Quarterly Report (Issue 2) (March 2021)
- Investment Rules in Developing Countries : Trends and Approaches (English) (2021)
- The Impact of COVID-19 on Foreign Investors : Evidence from the Quarterly Global MNE Pulse Survey for the Fourth Quarter of 2020
- Catalyzing Investment for Green Growth : The Role of Business Environment and Investment Climate Policy in Environmentally Sustainable Private Sector Development (January 2021)
- Indonesia report on FDI & manufacturing jobs (December 2020)
- FDI Watch (Issue 1) (December 2020)
- The Impact of COVID-19 on Foreign Investors : Evidence from the Quarterly Global MNE Pulse Survey for the Third Quarter of 2020 (December 2020)
- Trust between Public and Private Sectors : The Path to Better Regulatory Compliance? : Main Report (English) (December 2020)
- Re-thinking the Approach to Informal Businesses : Typologies, Evidence and Future Exploration (November 2020)
- The Impact of COVID 19 on Foreign Investors Evidence from the Second Round of a Global PulseSurvey (October 2020)
- The Voice of Foreign Direct Investment : Foreign Investor Policy Preferences and Experiences in Developing Countries (October 2020)
- COVID-19 and FDI: How should governments respond (October 2020)
- Impact of COVID-19 on Foreign Investors: Evidence from the second round of a Global Pulse Survey (September 2020)
- Policy Options to Mitigate Political Risk and Attract FDI (August 2020)
- Achieving Integrated Government-to-Business Service Delivery : A Planning Guide for Reformers (English) (October 2020)
- Risk-Based Approaches to Business Regulation (October 2020)
- Multinational Corporation Affiliates, Backward Linkages, and Productivity Spillovers in Developing and Emerging Economies : Evidence and Policy Making (August 2020)
- Organizing for Reform Global Experiences (June 2020)
- Doing Business Reform Advisory: Ten Years of Results (June 2020)
- State of Investment Promotion Agencies : Evidence from WAIPA-WBG’s Joint Global Survey (2020)
- A Phased Approach of Investment Climate Policy Responses to COVID-19 (June 2020)
- Foreign Direct Investment and Employment Outcomes in Developing Countries : A Literature Review of the Effects of FDI on Job Creation and Wages (June 2020)
- Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2019-2020 (May 2020)
- Foreign Direct Investment, Backward Linkages, and Productivity Spillovers : What Governments Can Do to Strengthen Linkages and Their Impact (May 2020)
- Investment Linkages and Incentives : Promoting Technology Transfer and Productivity Spillovers from Foreign Direct Investment (May 2020)
- Policy Options to Mitigate Political Risk and Attract FDI (May 2020)
- FDI Entry and Screening Tracker (2020)
- The Impact of Covid-19 on Foreign Investors: Early Evidence from a Global Pulse Survey (April 2020)
- Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity : A Literature Review on the Effects of FDI on Local Firm Productivity (April 2020)
- Investment Promotion Agency Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic (April 2020)
- Investment Promotion Agency (IPA) Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic (April 2020)
- Strengthening Service Delivery of Investment Promotion Agencies: The Comprehensive Investor Services Framework (March 2020)
- Use of New Technologies in Regulatory Delivery (January 2020)
- Heterogeneous Effects of the de jure and de facto Business Environment (January 2020)
- Evaluating the Costs and Benefits of Corporate Tax Incentives : Methodological Approaches and Policy Considerations (2020)
- Political Risk: Not Just the Investor’s Affair, Columbia Center on Sustainable Investment (CCSI), “Columbia FDI Perspectives” (December 2019)
- How Countries Can Fully Implement the New York Convention : A Critical Tool for Enforcement of International Arbitration Decisions (December 2019)
- Retention and Expansion of Foreign Direct Investment (Vol. 2) : Political Risk and Policy Responses (English) (December 2019)
- Institutions for Investment : Establishing a High-Performing Institutional Framework for Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) (December 2019)
- Retention and Expansion of Foreign Direct Investment: Political Risk and Policy Responses (December 2019)
- Women at Work: How Can Investment Incentives be Used to Enhance Economic Opportunities for Women? (July 2019)
- Women, Business and the Law 2019 : A Decade of Reform (February 2019)
- Retention and Expansion of Foreign Direct Investment : Political Risk and Policy Responses : Summary of Research Findings and Policy Implications (English) (January 2019)
- Investment Protection Along the Belt and Road (January 2019)
- How to Leverage Outward FDI for Development? A Six-Step Guide for Policymakers
- What investors want : perceptions and experiences of multinational corporations in developing countries (March 2018)
- Global Investment Competitiveness Report 2017/2018 : Foreign Investor Perspectives and Policy Implications (March 2018)
- CPSD Private Sector Scan
- CPSD Regulatory Checklist for Investment Policy and Promotion
- CEM 2.0 Scan
- Investment Competitiveness Survey
- Global Investment Competitiveness Survey Database
- Global Tax Incentives Database
- FDI Snapshot
- Investment Sector Scan
- Investment Competitiveness Benchmarking
- Global Regulatory Risk Database
- Harmonized Bilateral FDI Database
- Why large multinational firms hold the key to accelerating countries’ decarbonization strategies (May, 2023)
- Gender discrimination in the private sector: Evidence from the Democratic Republic of Congo (November, 2022)
- The industrialization of services (May, 2022)
- Kuwait taking promising steps towards women’s empowerment & gender equality (March, 2022)
- Manufacturing jobs in global industry are the main driver of middle-class job creation in Indonesia (August, 2021)
- Global investors shift focus to sustainability amid push for a green recovery (June 2021)
- How foreign investments can drive efforts towards a green recovery (June 2021)
- The road to recovery in Sub-Saharan Africa: Capitalizing on transformative opportunities from shifting FDI patterns (May 2021)
- Foreign direct investment can help global value chain integration (May 2021)
- Foreign investors cautiously see brighter skies ahead after pandemic shock (May 2021)
- Making North Macedonia more attractive for export-oriented investors (March 2021)
- Enhancing regional investment competitiveness: How to make it happen (March 2021)
- Policy support can help firms weather COVID-19, but reach and targeting must be improved (January 2021)
- Foreign investors wait on the sidelines as uncertainty looms (December 2020)
- Supporting informal businesses amid COVID-19 without formalization (December 2020)
- Out of the shadows: Unlocking the economic potential of informal businesses (December 2020)
- The impact of COVID-19 on foreign investors: Evidence from the second round of a global pulse survey (October 2020)
- State-owned enterprises and COVID-19: Policy principles (July 2020)
- State-owned enterprises and COVID-19 (July 2020)
- The impact of the coronavirus on foreign investors: Early evidence from a global pulse survey (June 2020)
- Removing regulatory bottlenecks to the supply of COVID-19 products and services (June 2020)
- Foreign direct investment and global value chains in the wake of COVID-19: Preparing for the new normal (May 2020)
- Foreign direct investment and global value chains in the wake of COVID-19: Lead firms of GVC (May 2020)
- COVID is hurting women economically, but governments have the tools to offset the pain (May 2020)
- Technology helps strengthen countries’ regulatory capacity to respond to COVID-19 (May 2020)
- Foreign direct investment and global value chains in the wake of COVID-19 (May 2020)
- The Western Balkans should leverage Foreign Direct Investment to integrate in global value chains (April 2020)
- Profiles of Women Reformers Making It Easier to Do Business Around the World (March 2020)
- Cents and sensibility: three takeaways on investment incentives from Amazon HQ2 (March 2019)
- Re-thinking informality: It’s all in the details (February 2019)
- Back to basics - company law 101 for startups (November 2018)
- Trust, courts, and starting a business: The case of Serbia (November 2018)
- Outward foreign direct investment: A new channel for development (October 2018)
- How can Local Capital and Foreign Brands Join Forces to Create Millions of Jobs? The Case of Non-Equity Modes of Investment (October 2018)
- Outward foreign direct investment: A new channel for development (October 2018)
- Unlocking competitiveness: Why invest in rural Vietnam? (July 2018)
- Why Do Foreign Investors’ Attitudes toward Women Matter? (June 2018)
- Lessons from Five Years of Helping Governments Foster Incentives Transparency (January 2017)
- The silent ‘change agents’ in government (October 2016)
- The False Debate: Choosing Between Promoting FDI and Domestic Investment (June 2016)
- Keeping pace with digital disruption: Regulating the sharing economy (June 2016)
- Improving SME competitiveness: To target or not to target? What businesses, and how? (July 2016)
- Why does efficiency-seeking FDI matter? (February 2016)
- Three Key Ideas for Creating Effective Investment Policies (June 2016)
- Can countries legislate to attract more investment? (June 2015)